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Historical intelligence

Situation Report

Archived operational intelligence briefing retained for historical analysis.

Intelligence brief / archived issue

Situation Update (UTC)

Key reported developments

  • Kursk Oblast, Russia — Governor reports drone and artillery damage across three districts, 58 UAVs shot down (07:40 UTC): Два майора (07:40:08) relays the Kursk Oblast Governor's completed 24-hour report (09:00 25 Oct – 09:00 26 Oct): an energy facility damaged in Zheleznogorsk district with no power outage; facades and glazing damaged at three apartment buildings and two private houses in Khomutovka (Khomutovsky district); roof, glazing, and facade damaged at a house in Novoivanovka (Rylsk district). Governor states no dead or injured. 58 UAVs of various types shot down; 6 artillery strikes on evacuated areas; 8 drone attacks with explosive devices. An accompanying map highlights a pink zone along the southern border (Sudzha–Krasnopole axis) without a legend. (event time: 25–26 October; reported 07:40 UTC; Два майора; confidence MEDIUM for damage locations per governor; LOW for "no casualties" boilerplate and 58-UAV count)

  • Kharkov direction, Ukraine — MoD Russia publishes Molniya-type UAV launch video, claims strikes on shelters and UAV control posts (07:40 UTC): MoD Russia (07:40:16) posts a video captioned "The Sever Group's attack UAVs hit the AFU units' shelters, UAV control posts, and manpower" in the Kharkov region. Footage shows a servicemember in EMR camouflage assembling a fixed-wing pusher-propeller UAV (consistent with Molniya configuration) atop stacked ammunition crates in a camo-netted forest position, then hand-launching it. No impact, explosion, or battle-damage-assessment footage is included. No geolocation, settlement name, or Ukrainian confirmation supplied. (event time: unspecified; reported 07:40 UTC; MoD Russia; confidence MEDIUM for the UAV type and launch activity per MoD watermark; LOW for claimed strike effects — "launch-and-claim" pattern with no BDA)

  • Kyiv, Ukraine — Air raid alert issued and cleared; Air Force reports reactive UAVs from Chernihiv direction via Kyiv Reservoir (07:44–07:49 UTC): КМВА (07:44:11) announces a yellow-level air raid alert due to drone threat, urging residents to shelters. Повітряні Сили (07:36:42) reports reactive UAVs from the Chernihiv direction passing the Kyiv Reservoir heading toward Kyiv. КМВА (07:49:01) clears the alert. Оперативний ЗСУ (07:45:20) separately posts a Kyiv UAV alert. No interception, impact, or damage reported. (event time: 26 October; reported 07:36–07:49 UTC; КМВА, Повітряні Сили, Оперативний ЗСУ; confidence MEDIUM for alerts and clearance per official channels; no confirmed effects)

  • Vinnytsia / Odesa Oblast, Ukraine — Air Force reports reactive UAV alerts toward Vinnytsia and northwest of Kryzhopil (07:35–07:52 UTC): Повітряні Сили (07:35:24) reports reactive UAVs in northern Odesa Oblast on course toward Vinnytsia Oblast. Повітряні Сили (07:52:31) reports reactive UAVs east of Kryzhopil and Rudnytsia, Vinnytsia Oblast, heading northwest. No interception or impact reported. (event time: 26 October; reported 07:35–07:52 UTC; Повітряні Сили; confidence MEDIUM for alerts; no confirmed effects)

  • Voronezh Oblast, Russia — RZD reports railway traffic restored, 18 passenger trains delayed (07:27 UTC): ТАСС (07:27:40) reports RZD's statement that train movement in Voronezh Oblast has been restored, with 18 passenger trains delayed. Два майора (07:41:19) repeats the same figures. This updates the prior batch's Somovo station incident (contact-network power loss, rail section suspended). (event time: 26 October; reported 07:27–07:41 UTC; ТАСС, Два майора; confidence MEDIUM per RZD statement; causation mechanism for delays remains the overnight attack context)

  • Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine — Air Force reports KAB (guided-bomb) threat (07:47 UTC): Повітряні Сили (07:47:30) posts "КАБи на Запорізьку область" (KABs on Zaporizhzhia Oblast), indicating a guided-bomb threat. No impact, interception, or damage reported. (event time: 26 October; reported 07:47 UTC; Повітряні Сили; confidence MEDIUM for the alert; no confirmed effects)

  • Kyiv, Ukraine — RBC-Ukraine reports up to 20% of restaurants may suspend winter operations under new shelter decree (07:27 UTC): РБК-Україна (07:27:36) publishes an exclusive interview with industry expert Olga Nasonova: a Cabinet of Ministers decree requires businesses to equip shelters or safe spaces by 4 December to operate during "yellow" alert conditions; only 15–17% of venues have suitable basements; Kyiv restaurant footfall already down 25–30%; some businesses negotiating reduced rent. Lviv footfall reportedly up ~20%. All quantitative claims derive from a single interviewee without independent survey data. (event time: 26 October; reported 07:27 UTC; РБК-Україна; confidence MEDIUM for the existence of the decree framework as described; LOW for specific percentages — single-source, no methodology disclosed)

  • Diplomatic reporting — Telegraph via RVvoenkor: possible Abu Dhabi talks on NATO 1997 rollback; GUR channel relays WSJ Orbán UN-SG claim (07:33–07:43 UTC): Операция Z (07:43:19) relays a Telegraph article (screenshot attached) claiming Russia may demand NATO's Eastern European footprint be rolled back to 1997 levels at Abu Dhabi negotiations; the caption notes Moscow has not confirmed such demands and European representatives oppose them. Оперативний ЗСУ (07:33:41) relays a WSJ-attributed claim that the Trump administration is pushing Viktor Orbán for UN Secretary-General, with China and Russia reportedly willing to support. No direct links to either article are provided. (event time: 26 October; reported 07:33–07:43 UTC; Операция Z, Оперативний ЗСУ; confidence LOW for both claims — unlinked secondary reporting, extraordinary assertions without primary-source corroboration)

Reported situation by area

Kursk Oblast, Russia (25–26 October; new evidence 07:40 UTC): Governor's completed daily report (via Два майора 07:40:08) documents damage at three named locations: Zheleznogorsk district (energy facility, no outage), Khomutovka/Khomutovsky district (3 apartment buildings, 2 houses), Novoivanovka/Rylsk district (1 house). 58 UAVs shot down in 24 hours; 6 artillery strikes on evacuated areas; 8 drone attacks with explosive devices. No casualties per governor. The accompanying map shows a contested pink zone along the southern border (Sudzha–Krasnopole) without annotation. This is a new area not present in the prior batch's detailed sector reporting. (confidence MEDIUM for damage locations; LOW for casualty claim and UAV count)

Kharkiv Oblast / Kharkov direction, Ukraine (26 October; new evidence 07:40 UTC): MoD Russia publishes Molniya-type UAV launch video attributed to the Sever Group (07:40:16). No settlement, coordinates, or Ukrainian confirmation. Prior-batch OVA daily report (carried forward) remains the primary Ukrainian-side source for the oblast. The Air Force KAB alert for Zaporizhzhia Oblast (07:47:30) is adjacent but distinct. (confidence LOW for MoD strike claim; MEDIUM for UAV activity per MoD watermark)

Kyiv, Ukraine (26 October; new evidence 07:36–07:49 UTC): Air Force reports reactive UAVs from Chernihiv direction via Kyiv Reservoir toward Kyiv (07:36:42). КМВА issues yellow alert (07:44:11) and clears it (07:49:01). Оперативний ЗСУ posts a separate Kyiv UAV alert (07:45:20). No impact or interception reported. The RBC-Ukraine restaurant-sector report (07:27:36) describes economic pressure on Kyiv hospitality under the alert regime. (confidence MEDIUM for alerts and clearance; no confirmed effects)

Odesa Oblast, Ukraine (26 October; new evidence 07:35 UTC): Air Force reports reactive UAVs in northern Odesa Oblast heading toward Vinnytsia (07:35:24). Prior-batch OVA-watermarked industrial-facility fire photo (carried forward) remains the only confirmed physical event. (confidence MEDIUM for alert; no confirmed effects in this batch)

Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine (26 October; new evidence 07:52 UTC): Air Force reports reactive UAVs east of Kryzhopil and Rudnytsia heading northwest (07:52:31). No impact reported. The prior daily report noted Vinnytsia facility damage per Epicentr company statement (carried forward). (confidence MEDIUM for alert; no confirmed effects)

Voronezh Oblast, Russia (26 October; new evidence 07:27, 07:33, 07:41 UTC): RZD confirms railway traffic restored, 18 passenger trains delayed (ТАСС 07:27:40; Два майора 07:41:19). Операция Z (07:33:19) repeats the prior-batch 113-UAV / Somovo / contact-network narrative. The prior-batch governor casualty figures (2 killed, 17 injured) and Voronezh State University remote-learning notice are carried forward. (confidence MEDIUM for RZD restoration statement; prior-batch items carried forward)

Zaporizhzhia Oblast / city, Ukraine (26 October; new evidence 07:45, 07:47 UTC): Colonelcassad (07:45:10) posts a "Очі Всюди"-watermarked photo showing heavy smoke from a commercial building with Samsung, YABLUKA, and LC WAIKIKI signage — consistent with the City Mall strike imagery from prior batches. Air Force KAB alert for Zaporizhzhia Oblast (07:47:30). The prior-batch multi-channel City Mall corroboration (OVA, Два майора, Котенок) is carried forward. (confidence HIGH for the physical mall strike per cumulative multi-channel imagery; MEDIUM for the KAB alert)

Moscow / Moscow Oblast, Russia (reported 07:40–07:46 UTC): Военкор Котенок (07:40:19) and Дневник Десантника (07:46:01) relay the FSB plot narrative with additional detail: Zvezda-watermarked photos show buried metal cache, 4–5 Samsung Galaxy A07 phones hand-labeled "DfG-101/102/104," assembly instructions, a handler's note about discarding the SIM tray, and night-vision drone-assembly footage. The narrative content matches the prior batch's FSB claim. No names, court filings, or Ukrainian acknowledgment. (confidence LOW; single-source security-service claim with escalating detail)

All other sectors: No new evidence in this batch for Belgorod, Bryansk, Chernihiv (beyond the UAV alert passing toward Kyiv), Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, Sumy, Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, Oleshky, occupied Crimea, or the prior batch's Tolyatti/Samara satellite-imagery report. Silence is not evidence of inactivity.

Reported strikes and air-defense activity

  • Kursk Oblast, Russia — Governor's 24-hour accounting (07:40 UTC): 58 UAVs shot down; 6 artillery strikes on evacuated areas; 8 drone attacks with explosive devices. Damage at three named locations. No casualties per governor. (confidence MEDIUM as official regional aggregate; LOW for per-location detail and casualty claim)

  • MoD Russia — Molniya UAV launch, Kharkov direction (07:40 UTC): Sever Group attack UAVs claimed to hit AFU shelters, UAV control posts, and manpower. Video shows preparation and hand-launch only; no impact footage. (confidence MEDIUM for UAV activity; LOW for claimed effects)

  • MoD Russia — Vostok Group artillery, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (07:10 UTC, carried forward): Edited video compilation. No new evidence in this batch. (confidence LOW)

  • Ukrainian Air Force alerts (07:35–07:52 UTC): Reactive UAVs — northern Odesa toward Vinnytsia (07:35:24); Chernihiv direction via Kyiv Reservoir toward Kyiv (07:36:42); east of Kryzhopil/Rudnytsia, Vinnytsia, heading northwest (07:52:31). KAB threat — Zaporizhzhia Oblast (07:47:30). No interceptions or impacts reported. (confidence MEDIUM for alerts)

  • Zaporizhzhia City Mall strike (morning 26 October; additional relay 07:45 UTC): Colonelcassad posts "Очі Всюди"-watermarked smoke photo. Prior-batch multi-channel corroboration (OVA, Два майора, Котенок) carried forward. (confidence HIGH for physical event; weapon type UNCONFIRMED)

  • Voronezh railway restoration (07:27 UTC): RZD: traffic restored, 18 passenger trains delayed. Updates the prior Somovo contact-network disruption. (confidence MEDIUM per RZD)

  • Kotsnews overnight strike narrative (07:48 UTC): @sashakots describes 140 drones (half jet-powered) and 4 missiles targeting PS-330 Zalyutino (Kharkiv, 600 MVA), PS-330 Kamianets-Podilskyi, Olishany drone storage, Chornomorsk terminals/warehouses, and a cargo ship. However, attached photos include two DSNS Chernihiv Oblast images geographically unconnected to the text, and one Odesa OVA image. Ukrenergo outage schedule was pre-announced Sunday. (confidence LOW — photo-text mismatch indicates sloppy compilation; individual strike claims trace to Russian MoD with no independent verification)

  • FSB Moscow-plot narrative (07:40–07:46 UTC): Котенок and Дневник Десантника relay FSB/Zvezda video and photos. Prior-batch content repeated; new detail includes Galaxy A07 phone labels "DfG-101/102/104" and a handler's SIM-tray note. (confidence LOW; single-source)

Reported Russian activity

  • Kursk Oblast Governor daily report (07:40 UTC): Damage accounting across three districts; 58-UAV shootdown claim; 6 artillery strikes; 8 explosive-device drone attacks. Map shows contested southern-border zone. (Два майора; confidence MEDIUM for the governor's authority to report; LOW for completeness)

  • MoD Russia Molniya UAV video, Sever Group, Kharkov direction (07:40 UTC): Launch-and-claim format. No BDA. (MoD Russia; confidence LOW for effects)

  • FSB plot narrative amplification (07:40–07:46 UTC): Котенок (07:40:19) and Дневник Десантника (07:46:01) relay FSB/Zvezda video and photos with additional equipment detail (Galaxy A07 phones, assembly instructions, SIM-tray note). Repetition across channels is distribution of the same security-service package. (confidence LOW)

  • Voronezh railway restoration via RZD (07:27 UTC): ТАСС and Два майора. (confidence MEDIUM)

  • RVvoenkor / Telegraph relay on Abu Dhabi negotiations (07:43 UTC): Операция Z distributes a Telegraph article screenshot claiming possible Russian demand for NATO 1997-level rollback. Caption notes Moscow has not confirmed. (confidence LOW; unlinked secondary reporting)

  • Kotsnews strike compilation (07:48 UTC): @sashakots publishes a long-form narrative of overnight energy/port strikes with mismatched photos. (confidence LOW; photo-text geographic mismatch)

Reported Ukrainian activity

  • Air Force reactive-UAV alerts (07:35–07:52 UTC): Four alerts across Odesa, Kyiv (via Chernihiv corridor), Vinnytsia, and a KAB alert for Zaporizhzhia. No interceptions or impacts reported. (Повітряні Сили; confidence MEDIUM for alerts)

  • КМВА air raid alert and clearance (07:44–07:49 UTC): Yellow alert issued, cleared 5 minutes later. No damage reported. (КМВА; confidence MEDIUM)

  • Оперативний ЗСУ Kyiv alert (07:45 UTC): UAV threat notification. (confidence MEDIUM)

  • Оперативний ЗСУ Orbán / UN SG relay (07:33 UTC): GUR channel relays WSJ-attributed claim about Trump pushing Orbán for UN Secretary-General with reported Chinese and Russian readiness to support. No direct link. (confidence LOW; extraordinary claim, unlinked, GUR information-operation context)

  • Олег Синєгубов sports reception (07:45 UTC): Kharkiv ODA head hosts WBC Muaythai European Championship medalists. No operational content. (confidence HIGH for the event; no factual claims requiring verification)

  • RBC-Ukraine restaurant-sector interview (07:27 UTC): Expert Nasonova describes economic pressure under the shelter decree. (confidence MEDIUM for the regulatory framework; LOW for percentages)

  • Prior-batch items carried forward: Zelensky martial-law extension proposal; Ihnat Air Force spokesperson interview (Patriot ammunition, jet-drone interception rates); STERNENKO interceptor fundraiser; Запорізька ОВА City Mall report. No new evidence resolves or updates these in this batch.

Civilian and infrastructure impact

  • Kursk Oblast, Russia (25–26 October; reported 07:40 UTC): Governor (via Два майора): energy facility damaged in Zheleznogorsk district (no power outage); 3 apartment buildings and 2 private houses damaged in Khomutovka; 1 house damaged in Novoivanovka. Governor states no dead or injured. (confidence MEDIUM for damage locations per governor; LOW for casualty claim)

  • Voronezh Oblast, Russia (26 October; reported 07:27 UTC): RZD: railway traffic restored, 18 passenger trains delayed. Prior-batch Somovo incident (5 passengers injured, contact-network loss) carried forward. (confidence MEDIUM for restoration; prior-batch items carried forward)

  • Kyiv, Ukraine (26 October; reported 07:27–07:49 UTC): Air raid alert issued and cleared; no impact or damage reported. RBC-Ukraine reports economic pressure on restaurant sector: up to 20% may suspend winter operations; footfall down 25–30%; businesses negotiating reduced rent; Lviv footfall up ~20%. (confidence MEDIUM for alert/clearance; LOW for restaurant percentages — single-source)

  • Zaporizhzhia city, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine (morning 26 October; additional relay 07:45 UTC): City Mall strike damage corroborated by prior-batch multi-channel imagery. Colonelcassad's "Очі Всюди" photo shows heavy smoke from the building with identifiable tenant signage. Casualty discrepancy (OVA "preliminarily no injuries" vs. prior-batch РБК-Україна "four injured") remains unresolved. (confidence HIGH for physical event; casualty figures UNRESOLVED)

  • Donetsk, occupied Donetsk Oblast (reported 07:02 UTC, carried forward): Sewage-pipe rupture at Lavrenyova 21. No new evidence in this batch.

  • Carried-forward items (no update in this batch): Belgorod 18 injured; Bryansk Novozybkov locomotive fatality; Kursk energy disruption (prior batch); Nikopol district building damage; Melitopol three wounded; Yelets casualties; Sverdlovsk derailment; Kamianets-Podilskyi partial power outage; Togliattikauchuk satellite-imagery damage; Kharkiv OVA 6 injured.

Information environment and disputed claims

  • Kotsnews photo-text mismatch (07:48 UTC): @sashakots's overnight strike narrative describes Kharkiv, Khmelnytskyi, Odesa, and sea targets, but two of three attached photos carry DSNS Chernihiv Oblast watermarks — a region absent from the text. This geographic mismatch suggests the author recycled unrelated Ukrainian emergency-service imagery to bolster the narrative. The Odesa OVA photo is the only one plausibly matching the text. (confidence LOW for the compilation's evidentiary value; the underlying strike claims trace to Russian MoD with no independent verification)

  • FSB Moscow-plot narrative — continued amplification: The prior-batch FSB claim is now relayed with additional visual detail: Zvezda watermarks, Galaxy A07 phones labeled "DfG-101/102/104," assembly instructions, and a handler's SIM-tray note. Repetition across Котенок, Дневник Десантника, and prior channels (Поддубный, Два майора, Colonelcassad, Операция Z) is distribution of the same security-service package, not independent corroboration. (confidence LOW)

  • Abu Dhabi / NATO 1997 rollback (07:43 UTC): RVvoenkor relays a Telegraph article claiming Russia may demand NATO's Eastern European footprint return to 1997 levels. The caption itself notes Moscow has not confirmed and European representatives oppose. The Telegraph framing ("Russia hopes to weaken NATO") is Western editorial interpretation; RVvoenkor reframes it as a potential negotiating position. No independent corroboration of the Abu Dhabi venue or timeline. (confidence LOW; unlinked secondary reporting with propagandistic amplification on both sides)

  • Orbán UN Secretary-General (07:33 UTC): GUR channel relays a WSJ-attributed claim that the Trump administration is pushing Orbán for UN SG, with China and Russia reportedly willing to support. No direct link to the WSJ article. The claim that two permanent Security Council members would agree on a single candidate is extraordinary. The GUR channel operates within a Ukrainian information-operation context. (confidence LOW; unlinked, extraordinary, no primary-source citation)

  • Kursk "no casualties" boilerplate: Governor's standard formulation "Погибших и пострадавших нет" is frequently contradicted by subsequent independent reporting in Russian official communications. The emphasis on "without power outage" for the energy facility minimizes impact. (confidence LOW for the absence claim)

  • MoD Molniya "launch-and-claim" pattern: Video shows preparation and launch only; text asserts successful strikes on shelters, UAV control posts, and manpower without any BDA imagery. (confidence LOW for claimed effects)

  • Dempster-Shafer belief distribution (analytic support only): Highest single-hypothesis masses: "Information Warfare: Propaganda Effort by Russia" (0.021), "Logistical Shift: Infrastructure Damage in Zaporizhzhia" (0.019), "Logistical Shift: Disruption in passenger rail transport to Voronezh region" (0.018), composite "Diplomatic Initiative: Proposal by United States for Viktor Orbán as UN Secretary General / Information Warfare: Propaganda Effort by Ukraine" (0.017), "Military Action: Drone Strike by Ukraine on railway infrastructure in Voronezh Oblast" (0.017). Uncertainty mass: 0.616. These are analytic weightings, not independent evidence.

Evidence limitations and unresolved questions

  • Kursk Governor report: No independent verification of the three named damage locations, the 58-UAV count, or the "no casualties" claim. The map's pink zone lacks a legend and does not mark the specific strike locations. Whether Khomutovka and Novoivanovka are recurring targets cannot be determined from this batch alone.

  • MoD Molniya claim: No geolocation of the forest launch position. No impact footage, no settlement name, no Ukrainian confirmation. The claimed targets (shelters, UAV control posts, manpower) are entirely unverified.

  • Kyiv / Vinnytsia / Odesa reactive-UAV alerts: Five Air Force notifications and one KAB alert across four oblasts with no reported interceptions or impacts. Whether these UAVs were intercepted, crashed, or reached targets is unknown.

  • Kotsnews compilation: The geographic mismatch between text (Kharkiv/Khmelnytskyi/Odesa) and photos (Chernihiv) undermines the evidentiary value of the entire package. The underlying strike claims (PS-330 Zalyutino, PS-330 Kamianets-Podilskyi, Olishany, Chornomorsk, cargo ship) trace to Russian MoD with no independent OSINT in any batch to date. The Ukrenergo pre-announced schedule weakens the claim that strikes caused the outages.

  • FSB plot narrative: Despite expanded visual detail (Galaxy A07 labels, SIM-tray note, Zvezda watermarks), no names, court filings, independent geolocation, or Ukrainian acknowledgment. The format remains consistent with FSB press-release templates.

  • Abu Dhabi / NATO 1997 claim: No Russian MFA or Kremlin confirmation. No NATO statement. No independent corroboration of the Abu Dhabi venue. The Telegraph article is not directly linked.

  • Orbán UN SG claim: No WSJ link provided. No Hungarian, US, Chinese, Russian, or UN official confirmation. The GUR channel's information-operation context warrants caution.

  • Zaporizhzhia casualty discrepancy: The OVA's "preliminarily no injuries" vs. prior-batch РБК-Україna's "four injured" remains unresolved. No new evidence in this batch.

  • Voronezh railway restoration: RZD confirms traffic restored but does not specify whether the 18 delayed trains are a residual backlog from the overnight Somovo incident or a new disruption. Causation mechanism remains the prior-batch attack context.

  • Kyiv restaurant economic claims: All quantitative figures (20% closure risk, 15–17% basement availability, 25–30% footfall decline, Lviv +20%) derive from a single interviewee. The existence and exact text of the Кабмін decree and the 4 December deadline are not independently verified in this batch.

  • No new evidence resolves previously reported uncorroborated items: Sverdlovsk derailment cause; Kharkiv Kholodnohirskyi consequences; Kamianets-Podilskyi energy-facility damage; Starlink/Musk dispute; Kherson deputy death; Togliattikauchuk unit-to-coordinate mapping; Northern Bridge structural damage; the "26 октября 2026" timestamp anomaly; MoD target claims (Olyshany, Zalutyne, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Chornomorsk, cargo ship) — ninth repetition in this batch via Kotsnews with no Ukrainian confirmation or geolocated imagery.

  • Weather (as of 07:45 UTC, Open-Meteo): Kharkiv/Vovchansk 7.2 °C, clear, wind 5.1 m/s; Svatove 7.4 °C, clear, wind 5.0 m/s; Pokrovsk 9.2 °C, mainly clear, wind 4.9 m/s; Orikhiv 10.8 °C, overcast (93% cloud), wind 4.4 m/s; Kherson 14.2 °C, overcast (94% cloud), wind 2.9 m/s. No precipitation at reference points. Daily forecast for 26 October: overcast at all five points, no precipitation, wind maxima 3.3–5.4 m/s. These conditions are consistent with UAV and drone operations but are not attributed to any specific event in the sources.