Intelligence brief / archived issue
Situation Update (UTC)
Report generated at 2026-09-28T18:45:52Z. Source timestamps are Telegram message times; event times are noted only when supplied. The new messages are the primary evidence; the previous situation report is used only as a labeled historical baseline. No independent corroboration is claimed unless explicitly stated.
Key reported developments
- Putin decree on Russian Armed Forces authorized strength reported with new breakdown: Kotsnews said Putin signed a decree setting authorized strength at 2,441,630 units, including 1,550,500 servicemen, effective 28 September. Kotsnews said the increase was 15,500, all military personnel, the fourth decision since the start of 2026: March +2,640, June +7,360, July +25,000, and now +15,500. It said pre-SVO authorized servicemen numbered 1,013,628. No primary legal-portal link was supplied; the previous baseline carried similar reports. (event time: effective 28 September 2026; source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:44:25; Kotsnews; MEDIUM that the report circulated, LOW for independent verification and exact figures)
- Russian-aligned claims of ongoing Kyiv-area explosions and fires: Операция Z relayed Военкоры Русской Весны claiming explosions and fires in the Pochaiana area near “Epicentr” and warehouses; a hit on a non-residential building in Obolonskyi district, attributed to the Kyiv city military administration; smoke after a drone hit in Bilohorodka; and renewed hits on ATB company warehouses in Brovary district. An attached photo watermarked by Ukraine’s State Emergency Service showed a warehouse fire; videos showed smoke and a possible distant explosion. (event time described as “all day” on 28 September; source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:15:30–18:15:31; Операция Z, relaying Военкоры Русской Весны; MEDIUM for reported fires/photo, LOW for attribution and full effects)
- Air Force issued multiple jet-drone and KAB alerts: alerts included a jet drone in Odesa Oblast toward Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi; jet drones over Kyiv at Vydubychi, Obolon and Nyvky; a jet drone at Boyarka; a jet drone over Zhytomyr; a jet drone in Volyn near Kolky toward Lutsk; a jet drone on the Odesa/Mykolaiv border toward Chornomorske/Pivdenne; a jet drone through Kotsiubynske toward central Kyiv; and KABs toward Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk oblasts. These were threat alerts, not confirmed impacts. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:17:09–18:43:25; Повітряні Сили ЗС України / Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; MEDIUM as alerts)
- Zelensky statements on Russian mobilization and North Korean support: РБК-Україна and Оперативний ЗСУ reported Zelensky saying Russia has effectively begun additional mobilization and increased recruitment rates, and plans to increase recruitment of foreigners. Оперативний ЗСУ also said HUR informed the president that 8,000 North Korean personnel are currently in Russia, with another 10,000 preparing to deploy, and that Shahed production has been deployed in North Korea. No visual or independent corroboration was supplied. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:16:10–18:17:14; РБК-Україна, Оперативний ЗСУ; MEDIUM for the statements, UNVERIFIED/LOW for the specific intelligence claims)
- Russian milblogger day-summary claims: Дневник Десантника claimed on the Krasnolimansk direction that Ukrainian forces are trying to push Russian troops beyond the Zherebets River; that Russia returned part of Ivanovka and holds Ivanovka and Torske; that the “gray zone” expanded in Krasny Liman toward Zarechnoye; and that the southern part, including Maslyakovka, is held by Russia. On the Druzhkovka direction, it claimed Russian troops continue advancing toward Druzhkovka, that counterattacks eliminated most Ukrainian manpower, and that remaining small groups are being destroyed by Russian UAV operators. It also claimed FAB strikes on the 117th OBrTrO area in Sumy, Geran strikes on the Open Data data center in Dnipropetrovsk and on Kyiv data centers, a strike on a new Dniester crossing at Mayaki, and continued strikes on fuel infrastructure. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:34:53; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Rybar/Colonelcassad claim Russian Vostok advances in eastern Zaporizhzhia: the claim said small Russian groups reached the outskirts of Omelnyk and crossed the T-0408 road in several places, cutting one of the last Ukrainian supply routes in that area; that Russian forces are taking previously prepared strongpoints east of Orikhiv; and that Ukrainian density is decreasing between Mala Tokmachka and Krasnaya (Chervona) Krinitsa. The post acknowledged that not all successes are confirmed by footage. The attached map did not visibly show T-0408 and showed other road labels; the analysis flagged a label mismatch and an anomalous 2026 date. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:41:01–18:41:02; Colonelcassad, citing Rybar; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Kovalenko resignation as head of Ukraine’s NSDC Center for Countering Disinformation: РБК-Україна reported that Kovalenko said President Zelensky accepted his resignation and that he remains involved in national security and “cognitive confrontation” processes with Russia. No decree, effective date or successor was supplied; the attached photo only shows proximity to Zelensky, not the personnel action. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:36:11–18:36:12; РБК-Україна; MEDIUM for the source report, LOW for independent confirmation)
- Russian UAV operators claim destroyed Ukrainian vehicle: Воин DV said operators of the 656th Motor Rifle Regiment, 29th Army, Vostok group, detected and destroyed enemy equipment and prevented Ukrainian personnel rotation. The accompanying analysis described FPV strikes on a camouflaged vehicle in a trench. The unit attribution and rotation-prevention claim were not independently verifiable from the supplied material. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:15:09–18:15:10; Воин DV; MEDIUM for the footage description, LOW for unit attribution and outcome)
Reported situation by area
A previous situation report was supplied as a historical baseline. Items below are new in this batch unless marked as previously reported. Areas absent from this batch are not established to be quiet or unchanged.
- Kyiv city and Kyiv Oblast: New Russian-aligned claims describe explosions and fires around Pochaiana near “Epicentr” and warehouses, a non-residential building hit in Obolonskyi district, smoke after a drone hit in Bilohorodka, and ATB warehouse hits in Brovary district. Ukrainian Air Force alerts also reported jet drones over Kyiv districts, Boyarka, Kotsiubynske and toward central Kyiv. No new official Ukrainian casualty total for these specific new claims was supplied. The previous baseline’s 28 September reports of one killed and 24 injured in Kyiv, and the unresolved 25 September digest discrepancy, are not re-reported as new evidence here. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:15:30–18:15:31, 18:25:47–18:43:25; Операция Z, Повітряні Сили ЗС України / Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; MEDIUM for reported fires/alerts, LOW for strike attribution)
- Krasnolimansk/Lyman direction, Donetsk Oblast: Дневник Десантника claimed Ukrainian forces are trying to push Russian troops beyond the Zherebets River, that Russian forces returned part of Ivanovka and hold Ivanovka and Torske, that the gray zone expanded in Krasny Liman toward Zarechnoye, and that Maslyakovka in the southern part is held by Russia. This is a Russian-aligned claim and conflicts in emphasis with the previous baseline’s Ukrainian “Vivaldi” claims and Rybar acknowledgment of a difficult situation near the Zherebets. No independent confirmation was supplied. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:34:53; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Druzhkovka/Kramatorsk axis, Donetsk Oblast: Дневник Десантника claimed Russian troops continue advancing toward Druzhkovka, which it described as the main southern cover for Kramatorsk, and that counterattacks eliminated most Ukrainian manpower there, with remaining small groups being detected and destroyed by Russian UAV operators. The previous baseline had a separate, unverified “Smuglyanka”/“Rubicon” FAB-targeting claim on the Druzhkovskoe direction. No independent corroboration was supplied in this batch. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:34:53; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Sumy Oblast: Дневник Десантника claimed FABs struck the area where Ukraine’s 117th OBrTrO is located in Sumy. No geolocation, unit confirmation or visual evidence was supplied. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:34:53; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Dnipropetrovsk Oblast: Дневник Десантника claimed Geran strikes destroyed the Open Data data center in Dnipropetrovsk. Повітряні Сили ЗС України also issued a KAB alert for Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. No impact was confirmed in the supplied messages for the KAB alert, and the data-center destruction claim was not independently verified. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:34:53 and 18:38:25; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺, Повітряні Сили ЗС України / Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; LOW)
- Zaporizhzhia Oblast (Orikhiv/Omelnyk/Krasnaya Krinitsa): Rybar material posted by Colonelcassad claimed Russian “Vostok” units are advancing toward the T-0408 road near Omelnyk, cutting one of the last Ukrainian supply routes, and that Russian forces are taking strongpoints east of Orikhiv while Ukrainian density decreases between Mala Tokmachka and Krasnaya (Chervona) Krinitsa. The post itself said not all successes are confirmed by footage; the map had a road-label mismatch and an anomalous 2026 date. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:41:01–18:41:02; Colonelcassad, citing Rybar; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Odesa, Mykolaiv, Volyn and Zhytomyr oblasts: Повітряні Сили ЗС України issued jet-drone alerts for Odesa Oblast toward Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, the Odesa/Mykolaiv border toward Chornomorske/Pivdenne, Volyn near Kolky toward Lutsk, and Zhytomyr. These were alerts; no impacts were confirmed in the supplied messages. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:17:09–18:40:33; Повітряні Сили ЗС України / Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; MEDIUM as alerts)
- Mayaki / Dniester crossing: Дневник Десантника claimed Russian forces struck a new crossing over the Dniester at Mayaki that Ukrainian forces were trying to restore and had not yet put into operation. No independent confirmation or imagery was supplied. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:34:53; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Previously reported baseline areas not updated in this batch: The prior situation report included Kyiv casualty reports, Kharkiv/Zapadne activity, Russian MoD territorial claims, the Kapustin Yar NOTAM and other items. Those are not re-reported as new here. Their absence from this batch does not establish that those areas are quiet or unchanged.
Reported strikes and air-defense activity
- Kyiv-area strike claims: Операция Z relayed Russian-aligned claims of explosions and fires near “Epicentr” and warehouses in Pochaiana, a non-residential building hit in Obolonskyi district, a drone hit in Bilohorodka, and renewed ATB warehouse hits in Brovary district. A DSNS-watermarked photo showed a warehouse fire, providing limited visual support for a fire in Kyiv Oblast, but not for all claimed locations or causes. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:15:30–18:15:31; Операция Z, relaying Военкоры Русской Весны; MEDIUM for reported fire photo, LOW for full strike sequence)
- Russian-aligned claims of other strikes: Дневник Десантника claimed FABs on the 117th OBrTrO area in Sumy, Geran strikes on the Open Data data center in Dnipropetrovsk and on Kyiv data centers, a strike on a new Dniester crossing at Mayaki, and continued strikes on Ukrainian fuel infrastructure. These were single-source, Russian-aligned claims without independent verification. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:34:53; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Air Force alerts: Повітряні Сили ЗС України reported jet drones over or toward Kyiv districts, Odesa Oblast, Zhytomyr, Volyn, Boyarka, Kotsiubynske, and the Odesa/Mykolaiv border, plus KABs toward Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk oblasts. These were alerts, not confirmed strike or interception outcomes. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:17:09–18:43:25; Повітряні Сили ЗС України / Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; MEDIUM as alerts)
- Russian UAV operators’ claim: Воин DV claimed operators of the 656th Motor Rifle Regiment, 29th Army, Vostok group, destroyed a camouflaged Ukrainian vehicle with FPV strikes and prevented personnel rotation. The footage was described as a compilation, and the unit and effect claims were not independently verified. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:15:09–18:15:10; Воин DV; MEDIUM for footage description, LOW for attribution/effect)
- No new official interception totals in this batch: The supplied new messages did not include new Ukrainian Air Force interception counts or new Russian MoD air-defense totals. The previous baseline’s Russian MoD claim of 14 UAVs downed and earlier Ukrainian interception figures are not re-reported as new here.
Reported Russian activity
- Authorized-strength decree: Kotsnews reported Putin signed a decree raising authorized Russian Armed Forces strength to 2,441,630 units, including 1,550,500 servicemen, effective 28 September. Kotsnews described it as the fourth 2026 increase and said the added 15,500 were all military personnel. No primary legal link was supplied. The previous baseline had similar reports from other channels. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:44:25; Kotsnews; MEDIUM that reported, LOW for independent verification)
- Russian-aligned strike and ground claims: Дневник Десантника claimed Russian advances and strikes on the Krasnolimansk, Druzhkovka, Sumy, Dnipropetrovsk, Mayaki and fuel-infrastructure axes. Colonelcassad, citing Rybar, claimed Russian “Vostok” advances in eastern Zaporizhzhia toward T-0408 near Omelnyk and around Orikhiv. These were partisan claims without independent corroboration in the batch. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:34:53 and 18:41:01–18:41:02; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺, Colonelcassad citing Rybar; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Russian UAV unit claim: Воин DV attributed a vehicle destruction and prevented rotation to the 656th Motor Rifle Regiment, 29th Army, Vostok group. The attribution and operational effect were not independently verified. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:15:09–18:15:10; Воин DV; LOW)
- Russian-aligned information activity on Moldova: Рыбарь claimed photographs from Chisinau airport showed large batches of drones being unloaded from an An-12 cargo aircraft and allegedly sent onward to Ukraine; it said pro-government Moldovan media denied the photos as AI-generated and noted they may date to 2024. It also claimed Romanian company Qognifly tests UAVs in Moldova and cooperates with Ukrainian forces, and that Sandu announced plans for domestic production. No independent verification was supplied. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:33:01; Рыбарь; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
Reported Ukrainian activity
- Zelensky statements on Russian mobilization and North Korean support: РБК-Україна and Оперативний ЗСУ reported Zelensky saying Russia has effectively begun additional mobilization, is increasing recruitment, and plans to recruit more foreigners. Оперативний ЗСУ said HUR reported 8,000 North Korean personnel in Russia, preparation for another 10,000, and Shahed production deployed in North Korea. These were official Ukrainian statements; the specific intelligence claims were not independently corroborated in the batch. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:16:10–18:17:14; РБК-Україна, Оперативний ЗСУ; MEDIUM for statements, UNVERIFIED/LOW for specifics)
- Kovalenko resignation: РБК-Україна reported that the head of the NSDC Center for Countering Disinformation, Kovalenko, resigned and said Zelensky accepted his application; he said he remains in national-security and cognitive-confrontation processes. No official decree or effective date was supplied. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:36:11–18:36:12; РБК-Україна; MEDIUM for source report, LOW for independent confirmation)
- Air Force alerts: Повітряні Сили ЗС України issued multiple jet-drone and KAB alerts across Kyiv, Odesa, Mykolaiv, Zhytomyr, Volyn, Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk areas. These were official alerts, not confirmed strike or interception results. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:17:09–18:43:25; Повітряні Сили ЗС України / Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; MEDIUM as alerts)
- Official domestic governance event: Олег Синєгубов, head of Kharkiv Oblast Administration, reported a Congress of Local and Regional Authorities event in Cherkasy with First Lady Olena Zelenska, government, parliamentarians and regional representatives. The post claimed hot meals now reach over 2.7 million schoolchildren after the first month of a nationwide school-nutrition reform. The event and participants were visually corroborated in the post, but the 2.7 million figure was not independently verified. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:35:56–18:35:57; Олег Синєгубов, начальник Харківської ОДА; MEDIUM for event, LOW for the 2.7 million claim)
- Donation solicitation: Оперативний ЗСУ posted a fundraising appeal for the 59th Separate Assault Brigade, 72nd Mechanized Brigade, Kyiv-region air-defense units and Special Operations Forces, offering donors a raffle for a spent Stinger tube. The appeal included personal cards, a Monobank jar, PayPal and unspecified crypto. No official unit or NGO confirmation was supplied; the post was assessed as LOW reliability in the accompanying analysis. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:30:37–18:30:38; Оперативний ЗСУ; LOW)
Civilian and infrastructure impact
- Kyiv-area warehouse and infrastructure damage claims: Russian-aligned posts claimed fires or hits at “Epicentr” and warehouses in Pochaiana, a non-residential building in Obolonskyi district, a drone-hit location in Bilohorodka, and ATB warehouses in Brovary district. A DSNS-watermarked photo showed a warehouse fire in Kyiv Oblast, indicating material damage to a storage facility, but the full set of claimed locations and causes was not independently verified. No new official casualty figures for these specific new claims were supplied. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:15:30–18:15:31; Операция Z, relaying Военкоры Русской Весны; MEDIUM for reported fire photo, LOW for full damage picture)
- Data-center damage claims: Дневник Десантника claimed Geran strikes destroyed or hit data centers in Kyiv and Dnipropetrovsk, including the Open Data data center. No independent confirmation, official statement or imagery was supplied. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:34:53; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Bridge/crossing damage claim: Дневник Десантника claimed a strike on a new Dniester crossing at Mayaki that Ukraine was trying to restore and had not yet commissioned. No independent verification was supplied. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:34:53; Дневник Десантника🇷🇺; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Air alerts and civilian disruption: The Air Force issued multiple alerts for jet drones and KABs across several oblasts. These indicate reported threats and likely localized disruption, but no impact, injury or service outage was confirmed in the supplied messages for these alerts. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:17:09–18:43:25; Повітряні Сили ЗС України / Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; MEDIUM as alerts)
- Previously reported Kyiv casualty figures: The previous baseline reported one killed and 24 injured, including three children, in Kyiv as of the evening of 28 September, plus non-residential building hits in Obolonskyi and Solomianskyi districts. Those are not re-reported as new evidence in this batch; no updated official casualty total was supplied for the new Kyiv-area claims. (previously reported; not new)
- No new supported civilian-impact information was supplied for several areas mentioned in the previous baseline, including Kryvyi Rih, Kharkiv residential strikes, Zaporizhzhia injured totals and earlier Kyiv drone impacts. Silence in this batch does not establish that those situations are unchanged.
Information environment and disputed claims
- Russian strength decree: Kotsnews repeated the 2,441,630 total and 1,550,500 servicemen figures and added a breakdown of 2026 increases. The previous baseline already carried similar reports from other channels. Repetition across sources is not independent corroboration; no primary Kremlin or legal-publication link was supplied in this batch. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:44:25; Kotsnews; LOW for independent verification)
- Kyiv strike claims: The Russian-aligned aggregation by Операция Z mixed claims, a DSNS-watermarked warehouse photo and video clips from different watermarked sources. The photo supports a warehouse fire in Kyiv Oblast, but the full sequence of claimed strikes, locations and causes remains unverified. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:15:30–18:15:31; Операция Z; LOW for full claim set)
- Zelensky/HUR North Korean claims: The statements on 8,000 North Korean personnel in Russia, another 10,000 preparing, and Shahed production in North Korea came from official Ukrainian sources. No maps, satellite imagery, footage or third-party confirmation was supplied in the messages. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:16:10–18:17:14; РБК-Україна, Оперативний ЗСУ; UNVERIFIED, LOW)
- Kovalenko resignation: The resignation was reported by a Ukrainian outlet with a direct quote but without a decree, effective date or successor. The photo shows a meeting with Zelensky but does not prove the personnel action or its timing. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:36:11–18:36:12; РБК-Україна; LOW for independent confirmation)
- Rybar/Colonelcassad Zaporizhzhia map: The post used a self-produced situational map with red arrows and claimed a possible cut of a Ukrainian supply route. The map’s road-label mismatch and anomalous 2026 date reduce confidence. The post itself acknowledged that not all tactical successes are confirmed by footage. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:41:01–18:41:02; Colonelcassad, citing Rybar; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Moldova drone-transit claim: Рыбарь asserted that drones were transshipped through Moldova to Ukraine and that Moldova itself tests UAVs with a Romanian company cooperating with Ukrainian forces. It also noted Moldovan pro-government media denied the airport photos as AI-generated and that the photos may date to 2024. No independent verification was supplied. (source timestamp 2026-09-28 18:33:01; Рыбарь; UNCONFIRMED, LOW)
- Donation appeal: Оперативний ЗСУ’s fundraising post used emotive language and offered a raffle for a spent Stinger tube. The accompanying analysis flagged possible impersonation or fraud risk, personal payment endpoints and no official unit or NGO confirmation. (source timestamps 2026-09-28 18:30:37–18:30:38; Оперативний ЗСУ; LOW)
- Analytic belief model: A supplied Dempster-Shafer belief set assigned its largest mass, 0.513274, to “Uncertainty,” with smaller masses for hypotheses about Kyiv infrastructure damage, North Korean troop deployment, Russian mobilization, eastern Zaporizhzhia advances, Moldova-related logistics, and other topics. It is treated only as analytic support, not as independent corroboration of any event.
Evidence limitations and unresolved questions
- No primary Kremlin, pravo.gov.ru or legal-publication link was supplied for the reported Putin decree on Russian Armed Forces authorized strength. The figures 2,441,630 and 1,550,500 come from Telegram posts and images, not from an independently reviewed official document in this batch. Authorized strength does not establish present-for-duty or combat-effective manpower.
- The new Kyiv-area strike claims from Операция Z and Военкоры Русской Весны lack independent verification. A DSNS-watermarked photo supports a warehouse fire in Kyiv Oblast, but not all claimed locations, causes or effects.
- The Дневник Десантника claims about Krasnolimansk, Druzhkovka, Sumy, Dnipropetrovsk, Mayaki, Kyiv data centers and fuel infrastructure were single-source, Russian-aligned claims without independent corroboration.
- The Rybar/Colonelcassad claim about Russian advances toward T-0408 near Omelnyk and Krasnaya Krinitsa relied on a self-produced map with a label mismatch and an anomalous 2026 date; crossings and control zones were not geolocated or independently confirmed.
- The Russian UAV unit claim by Воин DV could not be independently verified for unit attribution or the claim that personnel rotation was prevented.
- The Zelensky/HUR claims about 8,000 North Korean personnel in Russia, another 10,000 preparing, and Shahed production in North Korea were official Ukrainian statements without independent verification or visual evidence in the supplied material.
- The Kovalenko resignation report lacked a decree, effective date or successor, and the attached photo does not independently confirm the personnel change.
- The 2.7 million schoolchildren hot-meal claim was an official Ukrainian statement not independently verified by the supplied post.
- The donation appeal from Оперативний ЗСУ was assessed as LOW reliability; no official unit, NGO or fund-use verification was supplied.
- The Рыбарь claim about drone transit through Moldova was unverified, and the post itself noted Moldovan pro-government denials and possible 2024 photo dating.
- The supplied weather context contains time-qualified numerical observations for frontline reference points, but it does not corroborate any conflict-event claim in this report.
- No new supported updates were supplied for several areas mentioned in the prior baseline, including Kryvyi Rih, Kharkiv residential strikes, Zaporizhzhia injured totals and earlier Kyiv drone impacts. Silence in this batch does not establish that those areas are quiet or unchanged.
