Sitrep 2026-09-28 12:37:35.64966+00

Situation Update (UTC)

Key reported developments

Reported drone strike on the National Academy of Sciences (NAN) building in Kyiv's historical center, with emergency response and rescues under way. РБК-Україна at 12:04:44 posted a video interview with an employee who said a hostile drone hit the presidium while staff were inside during the lunch break; the outlet's own accompanying assessment rated the occurrence of an incident at the location HIGH but the specific cause (drone vs. missile vs. debris) unverified from the footage. РБК-Україна at 12:08:49 relayed a follow-up report from the scene describing smoke, rescuers clearing rubble, at least one woman killed and at least three injured. (Event time not stated; source timestamps 12:04:44 and 12:08:49; confidence MEDIUM for the strike and fire; LOW for weapon type.)
Claimed deaths of two scientists at the NAN building, with several academics out of contact. Оперативний ЗСУ at 12:22:48 relayed a TSN correspondent citing National Academy of Sciences president Anatoliy Zahorodniy for two academicians killed in the strike and said several others were not answering; the same post repeated the Kyiv City Military Administration figure of 5 injured. ЦАПЛІЄНКО_UKRAINE FIGHTS at 12:32:51 repeated the two-scientists claim, said the building was "destroyed to the ground," that parked cars burned, and that rescuers with service dogs were searching for people out of contact. This is a single attribution (the NAS president) relayed by two channels, which is not independent corroboration. (Event time not stated; source timestamps 12:22:48 and 12:32:51; confidence LOW–MEDIUM. UNCONFIRMED.)
Kyiv official casualty totals issued and then restated with different figures. КМВА (Kyiv City Military Administration) at 12:15:21 said injuries in Shevchenkivskyi district rose to 5 and that total injuries from strikes on the capital today rose to 11, with one person killed. ASTRA at 12:28:11, citing the mayor, reported one person killed and four injured by a strike on a non-residential building in the center, with search-and-rescue continuing, and said 14 people had been injured across all Russian attacks in Ukraine since the start of 28 September. The two figures for Kyiv do not match and are reported at different times; neither was independently corroborated. (Event times not stated; source timestamps 12:15:21 and 12:28:11; confidence MEDIUM for the official statements, LOW for a reconciled total. UNCONFIRMED on the consolidated count.)
New reported impact on a seven-story administrative building in Shevchenkivskyi district, Kyiv. КМВА at 12:30:20 and Оперативний ЗСУ at 12:30:52 reported a UAV hit a non-residential building in Shevchenkivskyi district with emergency services en route; РБК-Україна at 12:31:19 relayed Mayor Klitschko stating the impact was on a 7-story administrative building at the fourth-floor level. No casualty figure was given for this specific impact. (Event time not stated; source timestamps 12:30:20–12:31:19; confidence MEDIUM that an impact was reported at that location.)
Dnipro morning strike: official count rises to 18 wounded, including an 8-year-old girl with concussion. Олександр Ганжа / Дніпропетровська ОДА (ОВА) at 12:06:27 reported that medical help was needed for an 8-year-old girl with concussion and that 18 people were wounded in Dnipro from the morning strike on the city center, two of them hospitalized; Оперативний ЗСУ at 12:10:04 relayed the OVA's 18-wounded figure. The attached official photo showed debris and a shattered car and does not itself verify casualty numbers, munition type, or the moment of attack. (Event time described as "morning," no clock time; source timestamps 12:06:27 and 12:10:04; confidence MEDIUM for the official statement; LOW for independently verified casualty count.)
Reported Russian strike on a Ukrzaliznytsia enterprise in Zaporizhzhia, with three seriously and more than ten lightly injured. РБК-Україна at 12:15:15 relayed Ukrzaliznytsia board chairman Pertsovsky saying the strike occurred without recorded air-threat alerts in the systems, that there were three "fairly serious" wounded who doctors describe as not life-critical, and that more than 10 colleagues sustained lighter injuries; he said company staff were at nearby hospitals to assist. (Event time not stated; source timestamp 12:15:15; confidence MEDIUM for the official statement.)
Continued air-raid alerting across multiple regions plus all-clear for Kyiv. Повітряні Сили ЗС України issued tracking notices between 12:07:51 and 12:35:40 for Hostomel, Vinohradar, Velyka Dymerka/Brovary in Kyiv Oblast, Nova Zabudova, jet UAVs toward Hubynykha in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, a UAV over Kharkiv, a jet UAV toward Ripky in Chernihiv Oblast, and a jet UAV on the Kirovohrad/Cherkasy boundary heading west, and issued guided aerial bomb (КАБ) warnings for northeastern Sumy Oblast, Sumy, and Donetsk Oblast. КМВА at 12:20:30 and Оперативний ЗСУ at 12:21:10 announced the all-clear for Kyiv. These are advisory notices; they do not establish impacts or interceptions. (Source timestamps as listed; confidence MEDIUM for issuance of the alerts.)
Ulyanovsk compensation and medical-transfer details reported. Треш Ульяновск at 12:16:08 (duplicated post) cited Governor Aleksey Russkikh announcing 20,000-ruble emergency payments to residents of homes damaged in the UAV attack, with social development minister Dmitry Batrakov saying funds go to all applicants and 300 people having applied so far. At 12:20:28 the same channel cited regional health minister Maria Shalyagina saying one injured woman is planned for transfer to a Moscow clinic after stabilization, following a telemedicine consultation with a maxillofacial surgery institute. (Event times not stated; source timestamps 12:16:08 and 12:20:28; confidence MEDIUM for the official statements; LOW for the attack-related framing, which was not independently verified.)

Reported situation by area

Kyiv city (Shevchenkivskyi district / historical center). New evidence: a reported drone strike on the building identified in reporting as the National Academy of Sciences during the lunch break with staff inside (РБК-Україна 12:04:44); a scene report of smoke, rubble clearing, one woman killed and at least three injured (РБК-Україна 12:08:49); a claim of two academicians killed and others out of contact attributed to NAS president Zahorodniy (Оперативний ЗСУ 12:22:48; ЦАПЛІЄНКО_UKRAINE FIGHTS 12:32:51); KMVA's figures of 5 injured in Shevchenkivskyi and 11 injured citywide today with one killed (12:15:21); and a further reported UAV impact on a 7-story administrative building at the fourth-floor level in Shevchenkivskyi district (КМВА 12:30:20; Оперативний ЗСУ 12:30:52; РБК-Україна 12:31:19). Damage to one Ukrtelecom facility with subscriber services reported normal was restated by STERNENKO at 12:09:56, repeating the claim already carried in the supplied baseline. The building's identity, the weapon type, and whether the two reported academician deaths are additional to the previously reported female fatality remain unresolved. Previously reported in the supplied baseline: a major fire and an official fatality report in the same district, and earlier impacts in Shevchenkivskyi and Darnytskyi; those baseline items are not newly corroborated here.
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Dnipro). New evidence: an official OVA statement of 18 wounded in Dnipro from the morning strike on the center, two hospitalized, including an 8-year-old girl with concussion (Олександр Ганжа / Дніпропетровська ОДА (ОВА) 12:06:27; Оперативний ЗСУ 12:10:04). No new Dnipro fatality figure was supplied in this batch. Previously reported in the supplied baseline: a Dnipro wounded total of 15 and a Russian-aligned claim of a strike on an "Open Data" data center; the new official total supersedes the earlier count only as an official statement and does not resolve the target-framing dispute.
Zaporizhzhia city and Oblast. New evidence: a reported Russian strike on a Ukrzaliznytsia enterprise with three seriously wounded and more than ten lightly injured, described by the company chairman as occurring without recorded air-threat alerts (РБК-Україна 12:15:15). No facility name, location within the city, or weapon type was supplied. Area otherwise not newly covered in this batch.
Kharkiv city and Oblast. New evidence consists of an Air Force alert for a UAV over Kharkiv at 12:29:19 and a Russian-aligned post by Colonelcassad at 12:20:14 linking video captioned as the work of the 128th brigade of the Russian Armed Forces in the Kharkiv direction. No new official Ukrainian strike or casualty update for Kharkiv appeared in this batch, and the absence of one does not establish that the situation is unchanged.
Donetsk Oblast (Nove; Rubtsovka direction). New evidence: WarArchive at 12:19:34 posted video captioned as Ukrainian 3rd Army Corps troops loading an old APC with explosives and remotely driving it into enemy positions before detonation near the village of Nove, Donetsk Oblast, with coordinates 49.168370, 37.838845 and a caption date of "~08.2026"; the accompanying assessment rated the visual sequence strong but flagged the date as inconsistent with the current timeline and noted the vehicle type and enemy losses are not verifiable from the footage. Separately, Группировка войск «Запад» at 12:20:58 posted video captioned as destroyed equipment of the 144th Motorized Rifle Division on the "Rubtsovka direction," describing a destroyed gun and vehicle; the same channel's assessment rated the destruction of equipment MEDIUM-HIGH but the unit attribution LOW. Both items are single-source.
Sumy and Chernihiv Oblasts; Kirovohrad/Cherkasy boundary; Kyiv-area approaches. New evidence consists of Air Force tracking and bomb warnings: a UAV toward Sumy from the north at 12:10:33, toward Konotop in Sumy Oblast from the east at 12:15:29, on the Kirovohrad/Cherkasy boundary heading west at 12:18:01, a jet UAV toward Ripky in Chernihiv Oblast from the northeast at 12:32:44, and КАБ warnings for northeastern Sumy Oblast at 12:25:49, Sumy at 12:33:59, and Donetsk Oblast at 12:35:40. No impacts, interceptions, or damage were confirmed in these notices in this batch.
Russian regions (Ulyanovsk). New evidence: emergency payments of 20,000 rubles announced for residents of homes damaged in the UAV attack, with 300 applicants reported, and a plan to transfer one injured woman to a Moscow clinic (Треш Ульяновск 12:16:08 and 12:20:28). No new injury total was supplied in this batch beyond the previously reported 17.
Weather context. The supplied weather context at 2026-09-28T12:30 UTC provides time-qualified numeric observations and a one-day outlook for Kharkiv/Vovchansk, Luhansk/Svatove, Donetsk/Pokrovsk, Zaporizhzhia/Orikhiv, and Kherson/Kherson (overcast or partly cloudy, temperatures roughly 10.5–21.4 °C, light rain with 50% precipitation probability at Kherson). No supplied message links these observations to any specific event in this batch.

Reported strikes and air-defense activity

Kyiv National Academy of Sciences building. A drone strike was reported by РБК-Україна at 12:04:44 through a witness account, with the outlet noting the weapon type could not be confirmed visually; a scene report at 12:08:49 described smoke, rubble clearing by rescuers, and at least one woman killed and three injured. Оперативний ЗСУ at 12:22:48 and ЦАПЛІЄНКО_UKRAINE FIGHTS at 12:32:51 relayed the NAS president's claim of two academicians killed, with several others out of contact; ЦАПЛІЄНКО further claimed the building was destroyed and parked cars burned. The report of rescuers with service dogs searching rubble for people out of contact appeared in the ЦАПЛІЄНКО post at 12:32:51. No impact point, munition identification, or independent geolocation was supplied. Confidence: MEDIUM for a major fire and strike; LOW for weapon type, the building's destruction to the ground, and the two-deaths claim. UNCONFIRMED on munition and on whether death counts overlap.
Shevchenkivskyi district, Kyiv — administrative building. A UAV hit a non-residential building, with Klitschko specifying a 7-story administrative building at the fourth-floor level (КМВА 12:30:20; Оперативний ЗСУ 12:30:52; РБК-Україна 12:31:19). This was reported as a separate impact from the NAS building; no casualty figure was given for it. Confidence: MEDIUM for the reported impact.
Dnipro. An official OVA statement reported 18 wounded, two hospitalized, including an 8-year-old girl with concussion, from a morning strike on the city center (12:06:27; relayed 12:10:04). No weapon type or target identity was supplied in this batch. The attached official photo does not independently substantiate the casualty count.
Zaporizhzhia. A strike on a Ukrzaliznytsia enterprise was reported with three serious and more than ten lighter injuries, described as arriving without recorded air-threat alerts (РБК-Україна 12:15:15, citing the company chairman). No weapon type was stated.
Air-defense and alert activity. Air Force tracking notices and КАБ warnings were issued between 12:07:51 and 12:35:40 (see above). An all-clear for Kyiv was announced by КМВА at 12:20:30 and Оперативний ЗСУ at 12:21:10. No Ukrainian interception counts and no Russian MoD downing totals appeared in this batch.
No Russian MoD air-defense or interception totals in this batch. The only Russian MoD-adjacent items were unit-level and commentary posts, not aggregate air-defense claims.

Reported Russian activity

Unit-level Russian-aligned posts. Colonelcassad at 12:20:14 posted video captioned as work by the 128th brigade of the Russian Armed Forces in the Kharkiv direction, with a link to a unit channel. Группировка войск «Запад» at 12:20:58 posted video captioned as damaged equipment of the 144th Motorized Rifle Division on the "Rubtsovka direction," describing a destroyed gun and vehicle and stating the unit operates under constant fire. Both are single-source unit claims; the equipment destruction is visually described but the unit attribution is not verifiable from the material supplied. Confidence: LOW for unit attribution; MEDIUM-HIGH per the source assessment for presence of destroyed equipment in the footage.
Commentary on EU air-defense deliveries and Kyiv data-center protection. Поддубный |Z|О|V| edition at 12:32:39 claimed EU defense ministers in Brussels failed to agree on transferring Patriot systems to Ukraine, and framed a reported Zelensky "military cabinet" session on protecting data centers and telecommunications infrastructure as evidence that data centers are system-forming nodes of military control, asserting that each strike on them erodes Ukrainian defense-management circuits. The EU meeting outcome and the cabinet session are not independently corroborated in the supplied messages, and the causal framing is the channel's own interpretation. Confidence: LOW.
Other Russian-aligned and state items. Colonelcassad at 12:14:30 relayed a quoted appeal attributed to Kallas urging states with interceptor missiles to provide them to Ukraine. Colonelcassad at 12:21:01 relayed a quoted statement attributed to Iranian parliament speaker Ghalibaf on Strait of Hormuz risk pricing and US narrative management. Fighterbomber at 12:11:27 posted an aviation-themed remark without operational content. ТАСС at 12:29:57 reported record gasoline prices in Armenia (AI-92 at 600 drams, AI-95 at 620 drams per liter). These are reported statements; none constitutes independently verified operational information.

Reported Ukrainian activity

Municipal and regional administrative statements. КМВА at 12:15:21 reported 5 injured in Shevchenkivskyi district and 11 injured citywide today with one killed, and at 12:30:20 reported the UAV impact on a non-residential building in that district; Mayor Klitschko, relayed by РБК-Україна at 12:31:19, specified a 7-story administrative building struck at the fourth-floor level. The Dnipropetrovsk OVA, via Олександр Ганжа at 12:06:27, reported 18 wounded in Dnipro and the injured 8-year-old girl. ASTRA at 12:28:11 relayed the mayor's figures of one killed and four injured and a nationwide total of 14 injured since the start of 28 September; the Kyiv figures in that item differ from the KMVA 12:15:21 statement.
Infrastructure and service statements. STERNENKO at 12:09:56 restated, citing Interfax, that one JSC Ukrtelecom facility was damaged in the attack on Kyiv with subscriber services normal — a repetition of the claim already present in the supplied baseline, not new corroboration. Ukrzaliznytsia's board chairman, via РБК-Україна at 12:15:15, described the Zaporizhzhia strike and the injury toll, and said no air-threat alerts had been recorded before it.
Air Force alerting and all-clear. Повітряні Сили ЗС України issued the tracking notices and КАБ warnings listed above between 12:07:51 and 12:35:40; the Kyiv all-clear was announced at 12:20:30 (КМВА) and 12:21:10 (Оперативний ЗСУ). These are official advisory notices, not confirmed strike or interception results.
Prisoner-of-war and missing-persons coordination. The Coordination HQ for the treatment of POWs at 12:17:14 reported an online meeting with families of soldiers of the 92nd Separate Assault Brigade named after Ivan Sirko who are missing or captured, with representatives of the Coordination HQ, the Parliamentary Human Rights Commissioner's Office, the National Police main investigative department, and the International Committee of the Red Cross; topics listed included search-and-release procedures, ICRC requests to Russia on detention locations and health status, mechanisms for releasing illegally convicted servicemen, third-country involvement, processing of enemy photo and video material, and DNA comparison with repatriated bodies. No date, participant names, or documentary evidence were supplied, and the accompanying graphic is an announcement-style illustration.
Reported Ukrainian strike footage near Nove, Donetsk Oblast. WarArchive at 12:19:34 posted video captioned as 3rd Army Corps troops sending an explosive-laden old APC remotely into enemy positions before detonation near Nove, with coordinates and a caption date of "~08.2026." The source's own assessment rated the visual sequence strong but flagged the date inconsistency and the inability to verify the vehicle type or enemy losses.
A Ukrainian-aligned channel solicited local information about Kakhovka. Шеф Hayabusa🫡🇺🇦 at 12:33:50 posted an appeal asking residents of Kakhovka and Kakhovka district to send information about the city and district, including where particular people live, what vehicles they use, and where drones are launched from, via an anonymous contact bot. This is a request for information collection directed at civilians; no responses, identities, or locations were supplied in the messages, and nothing in the supplied material verifies any of its content.
No new Ukrainian General Staff operational summary in this batch. No Ukrainian General Staff daily operational summary appeared in the supplied messages.

Civilian and infrastructure impact

Kyiv city. A major fire at the building identified in reporting as the National Academy of Sciences, with an ongoing rescue effort, rubble clearing, and searches for people out of contact (РБК-Україна 12:04:44 and 12:08:49; Оперативний ЗСУ 12:22:48; ЦАПЛІЄНКО_UKRAINE FIGHTS 12:32:51). Reported fatalities include one woman (РБК-Україна 12:08:49) and, in a separately attributed claim, two academicians (NAS president via Оперативний ЗСУ 12:22:48 and ЦАПЛІЄНКО 12:32:51); the relationship between these claims is unresolved. Reported injury totals for the capital vary by time and source: 3 injured initially, 5 injured in Shevchenkivskyi district and 11 injured citywide with one killed per KMVA at 12:15:21, and 4 injured per the mayor's figures relayed by ASTRA at 12:28:11. A further UAV impact on a 7-story administrative building at the fourth-floor level was reported in Shevchenkivskyi district (КМВА 12:30:20; РБК-Україна 12:31:19). Damage to one Ukrtelecom facility with normal subscriber service was restated (STERNENKO 12:09:56).
Dnipro, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Official reporting of 18 wounded in the city, two hospitalized, including an 8-year-old girl with concussion, after a morning strike on the city center (Олександр Ганжа / Дніпропетровська ОДА (ОВА) 12:06:27; Оперативний ЗСУ 12:10:04). No new fatality figure appeared in this batch.
Zaporizhzhia city. Injuries reported at a Ukrzaliznytsia enterprise: three described as fairly serious but not life-critical and more than ten lighter, with company staff present at local hospitals (РБК-Україна 12:15:15). No facility name, outage, or damage extent was supplied.
Ulyanovsk, Russia. Emergency payments of 20,000 rubles for residents of homes damaged in the UAV attack, 300 applicants reported, and one injured woman planned for transfer to a Moscow clinic (Треш Ульяновск 12:16:08 and 12:20:28). No new injury total was reported in this batch.
Alert-only areas. Air Force tracking and КАБ warnings covered Kyiv-area points, Sumy and northeastern Sumy Oblast, Chernihiv Oblast, the Kirovohrad/Cherkasy boundary, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Kharkiv, and Donetsk Oblast, but no civilian harm or infrastructure damage was confirmed in those locations in this batch.

Information environment and disputed claims

Kyiv casualty counts are inconsistent across official and media relays. KMVA at 12:15:21 gave 5 injured in Shevchenkivskyi district and 11 injured citywide with one killed; ASTRA at 12:28:11, citing the mayor, gave one killed and four injured and a nationwide total of 14 injured since the start of 28 September; earlier reporting gave one dead and three injured. These figures are stated at different times and by different relays and are not reconciled in the supplied material.
The two-scientists death claim rests on one attribution relayed twice. Оперативний ЗСУ at 12:22:48 and ЦАПЛІЄНКО_UKRAINE FIGHTS at 12:32:51 both attribute the two deaths to NAS president Anatoliy Zahorodniy and both state that other academics are out of contact; the two posts are relays of the same attributed claim, not independent corroboration. The claim that the building was "destroyed to the ground" also appears only in these attributed statements, while РБК-Україна's 12:08:49 scene report described an active fire and rubble clearing.
Weapon-type attribution remains unverified. The strike on the NAS building was described as a drone strike by a witness via РБК-Україна at 12:04:44 and by SOTA in the earlier baseline, but РБК-Україна's own accompanying assessment at 12:04:45 and 12:08:50 stated the munition type could not be confirmed from the footage. KMVA's 12:30:20 statement attributed the separate Shevchenkivskyi district impact to a UAV.
Dnipro target framing remains disputed, and this batch does not resolve it. The new official statement reports a morning strike on the city center and wounded counts without naming a target; the earlier Russian-aligned "Open Data" data center claim and Ukrainian descriptions of a business center remain unreconciled.
Russian-aligned framing of Ukrainian data-center vulnerability. Поддубный |Z|О|V| edition at 12:32:39 asserted that EU ministers failed to agree on Patriot transfers and framed a reported Zelensky cabinet session on data-center protection as evidence that data centers are system-forming military nodes and that strikes on them erode Ukrainian defense management. Both the EU meeting outcome and the cabinet session are uncorroborated in the supplied messages, and the causal claims are the channel's interpretation.
Unit attribution in Russian-aligned strike and loss footage. The Colonelcassad post at 12:20:14 (128th brigade, Kharkiv direction) and the Группировка войск «Запад» post at 12:20:58 (144th Motorized Rifle Division, Rubtsovka direction) name units that are not visually verifiable in the material supplied; both channels' own assessments flagged this.
Solicitation content. The Шеф Hayabusa post at 12:33:50 asks civilians to provide information about named localities, residents, vehicles, and drone launch points in Kakhovka and Kakhovka district; nothing supplied verifies any of its contents or whether any response was provided, and this report does not reproduce or act on the solicited details.
Repetition presented as new reporting. The Ukrtelecom damage claim (STERNENKO 12:09:56; previously relayed in the supplied baseline at 11:59:08 and 12:02:36) and the Ulyanovsk 17-injured total restated earlier are repeats, not new or independent corroboration. Both Ulyanovsk compensation posts at 12:16:08 are duplicates of each other.

Evidence limitations and unresolved questions

Most items in this batch are single-source statements, relays of the same official attribution, or one-sided claims. Repetition of the NAS president's two-deaths statement across Ukrainian-aligned channels, and repetition of KMVA figures across Ukrainian channels, does not constitute independent corroboration.
The identity of the Kyiv building as the National Academy of Sciences, the impact point, the munition type, and the claim that the building was destroyed to the ground remain unresolved; no independent geolocation or munition identification was supplied. Whether the reported woman's death and the reported two academicians' deaths refer to overlapping or distinct casualties is unclear.
Kyiv casualty totals vary by source and timestamp (3 injured initially; 5 injured in Shevchenkivskyi and 11 citywide with 1 killed per KMVA 12:15:21; 1 killed and 4 injured per the mayor via ASTRA 12:28:11; 14 injured nationwide since the start of 28 September per ASTRA). No authoritative reconciled count was supplied.
Event times are largely absent. Most items are anchored only to source message timestamps, which do not state a timezone; several events are described only as "morning" (Dnipro, Zaporizhzhia) or "lunchtime" (the NAS strike). The only explicit date label in this batch is "~08.2026" in the WarArchive Nove post, which the source's own assessment flagged as inconsistent with the current timeline.
Photo and video attachments were supplied mainly through captions and source-provided assessments; frames, metadata, and capture times were not independently viewable here. This applies to the RBK-Ukraine NAS scene footage, the Dnipropetrovsk OVA damaged-car photo, the Coordination HQ announcement graphic, the WarArchive APC video, the Группировка войск «Запад» equipment video, and the Colonelcassad 128th brigade video.
The Zaporizhzhia Ukrzaliznytsia facility name and location, the weapon used, the Dnipro strike target identity, and the extent of damage at the Shevchenkivskyi district administrative building all remain unresolved.
No new official Ukrainian Dnipro fatality figure, no Russian MoD operational or air-defense totals, and no Ukrainian General Staff summary appeared in this batch. An area's absence from this batch does not establish that it is quiet or unchanged.
The supplied Dempster-Sharfer belief set places the largest single mass (about 0.787) on "Uncertainty" and a smaller mass (about 0.213) on a hypothesis of a Ukrainian HUMINT operation; it is treated here only as analytic support and not as evidence about any event, and it is not independent corroboration of anything described above.