Space Forces
Organizational Overview
The Russian Space Forces, headquartered in Moscow and commanded by Colonel-General Aleksandr Golovko, constitute a critical branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces. Their primary responsibilities encompass the operation, testing, and safeguarding of military and dual-use space assets, including satellites, early warning systems, and ground-based infrastructure for command, control, and surveillance. The organizational structure is composed of specialized units tasked with scientific testing, measurement, command and control, and arsenal management, reflecting a comprehensive approach to space operations.
Location Analysis
The principal headquarters is situated in Moscow, serving as the command center for all subordinate units. The distribution of military units, such as the 7th Separate Scientific Testing Point (unit 85906) and the 28th Space Forces Arsenal (unit 14272), indicates a strategic dispersion across the Russian Federation, optimizing coverage for command, measurement, and testing activities. This geographic spread enhances redundancy and resilience against potential threats, while also facilitating rapid response and coordination across Russia’s vast territory.
Infrastructure Capabilities
The Space Forces maintain a robust infrastructure comprising scientific testing stations, measurement points, command and measurement complexes, and specialized arsenals. Notably, the 7th Separate Scientific Testing Point underwent significant expansion in 2022, suggesting increased testing throughput and modernization efforts. The 28th Space Forces Arsenal provides logistical support and storage for space-related hardware, while multiple command and measurement complexes (e.g., units 14129, 26178, 14038, 77981) are responsible for telemetry, tracking, and control of space assets. The presence of optical surveillance units and dedicated testing centers further underscores the comprehensive nature of the infrastructure.
Command and Measurement Complexes
A network of command and measurement complexes, including the 13th, 14th, 15th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 46th, 48th, 65th, and 76th units, forms the backbone of Russia’s space situational awareness and asset control. These complexes are equipped with advanced telemetry, tracking, and command systems, enabling real-time monitoring and management of both military and dual-use satellites. The redundancy provided by multiple, geographically dispersed complexes enhances the survivability and operational continuity of Russian space operations.
Testing and Scientific Research Facilities
The 7th Separate Scientific Testing Point (unit 85906) and the 43rd Separate Scientific Testing Station (unit 25522) are dedicated to the evaluation and validation of new space technologies, including satellite payloads, launch systems, and ground-based equipment. The recent expansion of the 7th Testing Point in 2022 signals increased activity and investment in research and development, likely aimed at supporting next-generation space capabilities and counterspace measures.
Measurement and Surveillance Assets
Measurement points such as the 26th (unit 92626) and the Separate Measurement Point (unit 20608) provide critical data collection capabilities for trajectory analysis, satellite health monitoring, and orbital debris tracking. The Space Forces Optical Surveillance Unit (unit 71496) is believed to be responsible for optical tracking and characterization of space objects, contributing to Russia’s space domain awareness and early warning posture.
Logistical and Arsenal Support
The 28th Space Forces Arsenal (unit 14272) functions as the primary logistical hub for the storage, maintenance, and distribution of space-related materiel, including satellite components, ground support equipment, and specialized electronics. Efficient arsenal management ensures sustained operational readiness and supports both routine and contingency space missions.
Testing and Evaluation Centers
The Space Force Testing Center (unit 94077) is tasked with the comprehensive evaluation of space systems prior to operational deployment. This facility conducts rigorous testing protocols to validate the performance, reliability, and security of new technologies, ensuring that only fully vetted systems are integrated into the national space architecture.
Recent Developments and Modernization
Recent expansion activities, particularly at the 7th Separate Scientific Testing Point in 2022, indicate a sustained commitment to modernization and capability enhancement within the Russian Space Forces. These developments are likely driven by evolving strategic requirements, technological advancements, and the increasing importance of space as a contested domain.